Thomas Paine was an English-born American political writer and thinker, best known for his influential pamphlets advocating independence and republicanism. His most notable works include Common Sense (1776) and The American Crisis (1776–1783), both of which were crucial in rallying support for American independence from Great Britain.
Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, Norfolk, and moved to the American colonies in 1774 with the help of Benjamin Franklin. His pamphlet Common Sense, which argued for American independence, was widely read and had a significant impact on public opinion.
This anonymous pamphlet presented clear and compelling arguments for a complete break with British rule, questioning the legitimacy of the monarchy and advocating a new form of government based on republican ideals. Paine's lucid writing style made complex political ideas accessible to a wide audience, catalysing support for independence.
The pamphlet sold around 100,000 copies shortly after its publication, making a significant impact in the colonies and helping to unite disparate colonial sentiments around a common revolutionary cause.
During the American Revolution, Paine continued to write. His series The American Crisis encouraged some of the darkest days of the war, famously stating, "These are the times that try men's souls". This phrase underscored the challenges facing the revolutionary forces and boosted morale.
Paine also lived in France during the 1790s, becoming involved in the French Revolution. He wrote Rights of Man (1791), defending the French Revolution and advocating republicanism. His writings during this period led to his trial and conviction in absentia for seditious libel in England, forcing him to remain in France.
Paine's later works, including The Age of Reason (1793–1794), explored Deist beliefs and criticized organized religion, particularly Christianity. This work alienated many former supporters, as it challenged religious orthodoxy and promoted reason and free thought.
In Agrarian Justice (1797), Paine proposed ideas for social welfare, including a form of basic income funded by an inheritance tax. His forward-thinking ideas laid the groundwork for future social welfare programs.
His criticism of key figures such as George Washington and his religious views diminished his popularity. Paine returned to the US in 1802 and continued to write but lived relatively quietly until he died in 1809 in New York City.
